Life insurance
Life insurance offers peace of mind as it relates to the equitable distribution of assets to heirs; providing ready funds to pay estate taxes and settlement costs without the delay and costs of probate; and by furnishing a significant increased cash death benefit to beneficiaries.
Life products offer specialized options to help protect and manage your estate.
- Term Life Insurance is relatively inexpensive and provides a tax-free death benefit to your beneficiaries with coverage for a fixed period of years (5, 10, 15, 20 and 30) depending on your age at the time of purchase. Term life does not accumulate cash value.
- Final Expense or Simplified Issue Whole Life Insurance helps pay for final expenses upon death. These plans usually provide up to $25,000 to $30,000 in benefits and often do not require medical examinations. However, issuance of a policy is often not guaranteed and may depend on answers to questions set forth in an application.
- Whole and Universal Life Insurance accumulates cash value and earns interest, income tax-free while providing an income tax-free death benefit to your beneficiaries. If an emergency arises the insured has access to these funds by borrowing against the acquired cash value or by asking for a partial surrender of these values.
For more helpful information, take a look at the Estate Planning Guide. To help determine how much life insurance you should have, try out our life insurance needs calculators.
Planning Your Estate
A primary purpose of estate planning is to distribute your assets according to your wishes after your death. Successful estate planning transfers your assets to your beneficiaries quickly and with minimal tax consequences. The process of estate planning includes inventorying your assets and making a will or establishing a trust, with an emphasis on minimizing taxes. This pamphlet provides only a general overview of estate planning. You should consult an attorney, CPA or tax advisor for additional guidance.
Do I Need to Worry?
You may think estate planning is only for the wealthy. Actually, if you have assets worth $675,000 to $1,000,000 or more, estate planning may benefit your heirs. That's because generally taxable estates worth in excess of $675,000* may be subject to federal taxes, which can be as high as 55% of the taxable estate.
| * The amount of assets shielded from federal estate taxes by the unified credit have been gradually increasing beginning in 1998. |
Year | Unified Credit | Offset Tax On | |
| 2001 | $220,550 | $675,000 | ||
| 2002 | $229,800 | $700,000 | ||
| 2003 | $229,800 | $700,000 | ||
| 2004 | $287,300 | $850,000 | ||
| 2005 | $326,300 | $950,000 | ||
| 2006 | $345,800 | $1,000,000 |
Adding up your own assets can be an eye-opening experience. By the time you account for your home, investments, retirement savings and life insurance policies, you may find your estate in the taxable category.
Even if your estate is not likely to be subject to federal estate taxes, estate planning may be necessary to be sure your intentions for disposition of your assets are carried out.
Taking Stock
The first step in estate planning is to inventory everything you have and assign a value to each asset. Here's a list to get you started. You may need to delete some categories or add others.
- Residence
- Other real estate
- Savings (bank accounts, CDs, money markets)
- Investments (stocks, bonds, mutual funds)
- 401(k), IRA, pension and other retirement accounts
- Life insurance policies and annuities
- Ownership interest in a business
- Motor vehicles (cars, boats, planes)
- Jewelry
- Collectibles
- Other personal property
Once you know the value of your estate, you're ready to do some planning. Keep in mind that estate planning is not a one-time job. There are a number of changes that may call for a review of your plan. Take a fresh look at your estate plan if:
- The value of your assets changes significantly.
- You marry, divorce or remarry.
- You have a child.
- You move to a different state.
- The executor of your will or the administrator of your trust dies or becomes incapacitated, or your relationship with that person changes significantly.
- One of your heirs dies or has a permanent change in health.
- The laws affecting your estate change.
How Estates Are Taxed
Federal gift and estate tax laws permits each taxpayer to transfer a certain amount of assets free from tax during his or her lifetime or at death. (In addtion, as discussed in the next section, certain gifts valued at $10,000 or less can be made that are not counted against this amount.) The amount of money that can be shielded from federal estate or gift taxes is determined by the federal unified tax credit. The credit can be used during your lifetime when you make certain gifts, and the balance, if any, can be used by your estate after your death.
Keep in mind that while you can plan to minimize taxes, your estate may still have to pay some federal estate taxes. What's more, your estate may be subject to state estate or inheritance taxes, which are beyond the scope of this brochure. An estate planning professional can provide more information regarding state taxes.
Minimizing Estate Taxation
There are a number of estate planning methods that can be used to minimize federal taxes on your estate.
Giving assets during your lifetime. Federal tax law generally allows each individual to give up to $10,000** per year to anyone without paying gift taxes, subject to certain restrictions. That means you can transfer some of your wealth to your children or others during your lifetime to reduce your taxable estate. For example, you could give $10,000 a year to each of your children, and your spouse could do likewise (for a total of $20,000 per year). You may make $10,000 annual gifts to as many people as you wish. You may also give your child or another person more than $10,000 a year without having to pay federal gift taxes, but the excess amount will count against the amount shielded from tax by your unified credit. For example, if you gave your favorite niece $30,000 a year for the last three years, you would reduce your unified credit by $60,000 (a $20,000 excess gift each year). Upon your death, in 2006, only $940,000 of your assets would be sheilded from tax by the unified credit.
The marital deduction shields property transferred to a spouse from taxes. Federal tax law generally permits you to transfer assets to your spouse without incurring gift or estate taxes, regardless of the amount. That is not, however, without its drawbacks. Marital deductions may increase the total combined federal estate tax liability of the spouses upon the death of the surviving spouse. When the surviving spouse dies, the beneficiaries must pay taxes on the combined estates. To avoid this problem, many couples choose to establish a bypass trust.
Bypass trusts or credit shelter trusts give a couple the advantages of the marital deduction while utilizing the unified credit to its fullest. Let's say, for example, that a married couple has a federal taxable estate worth $1.3 million (or $650,000 each). Using the marital deduction, one spouse dies in 1999 the full $650,000 can be left to the other spouse without incurring taxes. However, when the second spouse dies in 2002 and passes his or her $1.3 million estate on to their children, taxes will be levied on the excess over the amount of assets shielded by the unified credit ($1,300,000-$700,000 = $600,000 subject to estate tax).
With a bypass or credit shelter trust, the first spouse to die can leave the amount shielded by the unified credit to the trust. The trust can provide income to the surviving spouse for life, then upon the death of the surviving spouse the assets are distributed to beneficiaries, such as children. This permits the spouse who dies first to utilize his or her unified credit. If the trust document is drawn properly, the assets in the trust are not included in the surviving spouse's estate. Thus, the surviving spouse's estate will be smaller and can also utilize the unified credit. In the example above, the surviving spouse's estate would not have to pay federal estate taxes. Because both partners have made use of their unified credits, the couple is able to pass on a substantial estate tax free to their beneficiaries.
Charitable deductions are not taxed as long as the gift is made to an organization that operates for religious, charitable or educational purposes. Check to see if the organization you want to leave money to is an eligible charity in the eyes of the Internal Revenue Service.
Life insurance trusts can be designed to keep the proceeds of a life insurance policy out of your estate and give your estate the liquidity it needs. Generally, you can fund a life insurance trust either by transferring an existing life insurance policy or by having the trust purchase a new policy. Such trusts must be irrevocable-meaning that you cannot dissolve the trust if you change your mind later. With proper planning, the proceeds from a life insurance held by the trust may pass to trust beneficiaries without income or estate taxes. This gives them cash which may be used to help pay estate taxes or other expenses, such as debts or funeral costs.
Estate planning is very complex and is subject to changing laws. This brochure by no means covers all estate planning methods. Be sure to seek professional advice from a qualified attorney, CPA or estate planner. The money you spend now to plan your estate may mean more money for your beneficiaries in the long run.
REFERENCE MATERIALS
Plan Your Estate
Denis Clifford and Cora Jordan, Nolo Press $24.95
Life AdviceTM Program price $19.95
Plus $2 for shipping and handling. Call 1-800-846-9455 to order.
Estate Planning Made Easy
By David T. Phillips and Bill S. Wolfkiel Dearborn Financial Publishing $19.95
The American Bar Association Guide to Wills and Estates
Times Books $12
Life AdviceTM Program price $9.60
Call 1-800-793-2665 to order and mention reference number 032-03. Price and availability subject to change without notice.
The American Bar Association Family Legal Guide
Times Books $34.50
Life AdviceTM Program price $28
Call 1-800-793-2665 to order and mention reference number 032-04. Price and availability subject to change without notice.
PAMPHLETS FROM THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT
The quarterly Consumer Information Center Catalog lists more than 200 helpful federal publications. For your free copy write Consumer Information Catalog, Pueblo, CO 81009, call 719-948-4000 or find the catalog on the Net- http://www.pueblo.gsa.gov
RELATED Life Advice PAMPHLETS
See other Life Advice pamphlets on related topics: Making a Will, Establishing a Trust Fund, and Being an Executor. To order, call 1-800-METLIFE.
This Life Advice pamphlet about Planning Your Estate was produced by the MetLife Consumer Education Center and reviewed by the Division for Public Education of the American Bar Association and the Internal Revenue Service Editorial services provided by Meredith Custom Publishing.
This pamphlet, as well as any recommeded reading and reference materials mentioned, is for general informational purposes only. It is issued as a public service and is not a substitute for obtaining professional advice from a qualified person, firm or corporation. Consult the appropriate professional advisor for more complete and up-to-the-minute information.
Text may be reproduced for nonprofit educational purposes only.
Reproduction of any graphical image, trademark or servicemark is prohibited.
Copyright 1995, 1996 Metropolitan Life Insurance Company
All Rights Reserved